Carbon fate in the deep ocean

The biological carbon pump can be broken down into three stages: the formation of biogenic carbon at the surface (production), the transfer below the mixed layer (export) and the attenuation of the flux in the mesopelagic zone (200-2000 m), towards long-term storage (> 1000 years) in the deep ocean and sediments. For operational reasons, the years 1980-2000 were strongly focused on the first two components of the biological pump (international JGOFS programme). The depth of carbon flux attenuation with depth, which imposes strong constraints on the time scales of carbon storage in the deep ocean, is constrained by ocean dynamics (turbulence, small scales, etc.), dissolution processes, biological activity (heterotrophic activity, respiration) and particle behaviour (sedimentation, aggregation/desaggregation). The evolution of observation means (autonomous platforms, high frequency measurements, acoustics, imaging, molecular biology, etc.), as well as progress in modelling (computer power, taking complexity into account, Artificial Intelligence), now make it possible to tackle this question head-on. LEMAR is fully involved in this new dynamic and relies on its expertise in the description of the fate of dissolved organic matter, the silicon, iron and carbon cycles, the role of zooplankton, remineralisation processes, particle dynamics, the study of the small scale in the mesopelagic zone (see AR2. 1 CHIBIDO), modelling (in connection with the ITM Atlantic teams developing approaches in Artificial Intelligence), microbiology or ecology to get involved and carry out international projects on this topic. In addition, the laboratory actively participated in the creation of the international consortium JETZON (Joint Exploration of the Twilight Zone Ocean Network: https://jetzon.org/) coordinating programmes on the mesopelagic zone.

05/10/2018/by sherve@univ-brest.fr

The ocean dynamics is structured on scales ranging from a thousand kilometers, a few meters, through the tens / hundreds of kilometers.

Chibido team

Team

Chibido

Marine chemistry, biogeochemical cycles and ocean dynamics

Présentation Thématiques Equipe Projets

The marine biogeochemical cycles of the major and trace elements play fundamental roles in both the biological and chemical functioning of the ocean but also in terrestrial climatic regulation. Marine ecosystems (phytoplankton, zooplankton, bacteria, fish, predators) occupy a central place within these cycles and contribute by various processes (assimilation-degradation-trophic transfer-sedimentation) to transform, store and redistribute the chemical elements in the column. of ocean water. These transformations favor different levels of coupling between the element cycles and interact directly on the climate by modifying the gas exchanges involved in the radiative balance of the atmosphere (CO2, CH4, N2O, DMS). Despite significant progress made in recent decades, this essential role of marine ecosystems on biogeochemical cycles and ultimately on the climate remains poorly quantified and is still a scientific issue.

This issue is all the more important in the current context in which anthropogenic pressures on the ocean and marine organisms continue to increase and multiply. Climate change and modification of environmental forcings (T, pH, pCO2, currents, extension of sea ice), releases of polluting substances (toxic metals, pesticides, microplastics, etc.), intensive exploitation of biological resources or the degradation of natural habitats are all factors that can profoundly alter the structure, functioning and biodiversity of marine ecosystems. What will be the impacts of these modifications on biogeochemical cycles, ocean productivity, gas exchanges? What will be the climate feedbacks and organizations’ response to these changes? These are all questions that the scientific community must answer if it intends to reduce the uncertainties associated with climate simulations and anticipate the joint evolution of marine ecosystems.

It is around these questions that our research team (CHIBIDO) develops its activities. Our objects of study are the biogeochemical cycles of the major elements (C, N, P, S, Si) and metallic traces (Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, Zn, Co, Cd, Mo, Pb) and we try, by multidisciplinary approaches involving physicists, biologists, chemists and modelers to contribute to the improvement of knowledge on the interactions between oceanic dynamics, biogeochemical cycles, ecosystems and climate. Our research actions combine a wide spectrum of approaches associating the development of new methods of analysis (multi-elementary, isotopic and speciation), the implementation of tracers / geochemical proxies (Baxs, 234Th, δ30Si, δ11B), in situ observation at different scales (microcosms, mesocosms, basin, global), laboratory experimentation and the use of numerical modeling. These approaches are part of the international (IMBER, GEOTRACES, SOLAS) and national (LEFE-CYBER, EC2CO / DRIL, LABEX Sea) programmatic framework and are structured along three lines of research:

Axes de recherche de l’équipe Chibido.

Axis 1: Dynamics and flows at the interfaces

Animation: Olivier Ragueneau & Gabriel Dulaquais

A better understanding of oceanic biogeochemical cycles requires describing and understanding input and output, and their variability. To this end, we are working on the different interfaces with the ocean, since these interfaces are external sources and sinks of matter whose intensity and importance vary according to the element considered. These interfaces are generally the site of strong physico-chemical gradients and are extremely sensitive to different anthropogenic pressures.

Sediments, the ocean-atmosphere interface, and hydrothermal springs are the sources of metals for the ocean. Our findings showing that bacterial concentrations in rainwater samples are related to the increase in iron-specific ligand concentrations that can impact organic speciation of iron, our objective is to better understand the interactions between iron and bioaerosols and their fate in the ocean water column. In hydrothermal environments, our objective is to identify and describe the chemical reactions that determine the organic complexing of metals.

The land-sea continuum is an interface strongly impacted by anthropogenic pressures. The physico-chemical gradients in estuaries control river inputs of biogenic (Si, N) and metallic elements. Our team continues to improve our understanding of the dynamics of these elements along the land-sea continuum by studying the changes that occur through adsorption/desorption, coagulation, complexing or degradation processes and by characterizing the composition and physico-chemical role of organic matter that influences their bioavailability/toxicity.

In addition, our work in the Bay of Vilaine should lead us to participate in the development of a nutrient limitation scheme that could restore eutrophic ecosystems. By improving our knowledge of the Brest Rade we wish to use climate change scenarios to model the evolution of nutrient fluxes in the coastal zone. These scenarios can be combined with scenarios of changes in agricultural practices in the watersheds in collaboration with AMURE’s team of economists.

Axis 2: biogeochemical cycles and ocean dynamics

Animation: Pascal Rivière & Eva Bucciarelli

In this RA, we are seeking to better understand the spatial and temporal variability of phytoplankton production in relation to cycle dynamics and small-scale hydrodynamic structures. To do this, we have targeted several objectives

(1) to observe and describe the distributions and chemical speciation of dissolved and particulate trace metals during major international oceanographic cruises

(2) to study factors such as limitations or toxicity and pressures that will control the internal dynamics of biogenic elements (N, Si, metals) in relation to phytoplankton physiology and phytoplankton community structure in collaboration with Team 2

(3) to link small-scale dynamic structures and planktonic biodiversity.

To achieve these objectives, we combine different approaches involving in situ observation within the framework of international (GEOTRACES) and national programs (biologging and sea elephants CNES-TOSCA ) or from the LAbexMer and EUR ISblue (M2BIPAT), laboratory and natural environment process studies (isotopic techniques), as well as 3D ocean circulation models (NEMO, CROCO) coupled with biogeochemical models (PISCES, DARWIN, DARWIN-QUOTA) to understand planktonic diversity.

Axis 3: the biological carbon pump

Animation : Laurent Mémery

In close connection with ISBLUE Theme 1, the objectives of this axis are to study the factors controlling the nature, amplitude, and mitigation of carbon export fluxes from the surface to the deep ocean. Emphasis is placed on the processes of particle formation (biological and physical aggregation), vertical export (proxy 234Th), mesopelagic remineralization (proxy Baxs) and trophic interactions with microbial and zooplankton communities. Despite the progress made by recent models that increasingly take into account the processes controlling export, such as size classes and zooplankton behaviour, there is still a need to improve our understanding of particle dynamics and the factors affecting particle size and number, their sink rate and their fate in the mesopalagic zone. To this end, our approach includes in situ measurement campaigns using geochemical proxies, as well as process studies more specifically related to processes impacting particle dynamics in mesopelagic zones and various modelling tools.