The Silicon Cycle: The Forgotten Silicified

Le cycle du silicium est une thématique historique du LEMAR qui possède une forte visibilité internationale grâce à notre implication dans les programmes et consortium internationaux comme BioGeoSCAPES, IMBER, IODP, GEOTRACES, OPALEO, PAGES et SILICAMICS. Nous avons développé une approche transdisciplinaire, incluant la chimie, la biogéochimie, la paléo-océanographie, la biochimie, la physiologie, la biologie et, nouvellement, la génomique. Nous utilisons par ailleurs différents outils expérimentaux et de modélisation et des approches multi-échelles, depuis des expériences au laboratoire qui permettent de mieux comprendre les processus influençant le cycle du Si jusqu’à de grandes campagnes internationales d’observation du milieu naturel. Le «Si-group» a initié en 2015 le cycle de conférences internationales SILICAMICS autour du rôle des organismes silicifiants dans le fonctionnement des écosystèmes marins et dans les cycles biogéochimiques océaniques. SILICAMICS s’est poursuivie au Canada en 2018, et une 3 ème édition est en préparation en Chine (2021). Suite à ces conférences, l’article de Nature Geoscience (Tréguer et al., 2018) combine les compétences d’experts en physique, biogéochimie, génomique et modélisation pour faire le point sur l’efficacité d’export des diatomées ; l’issue spéciale de Frontiers in Marine Science (Moriceau et al. 2019) rassemble 12 articles couvrant les thèmes de SILICAMICS et deux ANRs (BIOPSIS et RADICAL) ont vu le jour, mettant en évidence la nécessité de réévaluer le rôle des silicifiés oubliés dans le cycle du Si (voir AR2.2 CHIBIDO). Ces épisodes ont de plus été moteurs dans la création d’un consortium puis d’une école internationale et cours en ligne (Silica School) réunissant 31 instituts de recherche de 12 pays. De nombreux chercheurs invités régulièrement au LEMAR garantissent le dynamisme et la visibilité de cette thématique du LEMAR au niveau international.

Pour en savoir plus :

Le cycle du silicium dans l’océan moderne : https://www-iuem.univ-brest.fr/cycle-du-silicium-dans-locean/

Research topic dans Frontiers in Marine Sciences: Biogeochemistry and Genomics of Silicification and Silicifiers

New Recognition for Major Players in the Ocean’s Silicon Cycle

05/10/2018/by sherve@univ-brest.fr

Chibido team

Team

Chibido

Marine chemistry, biogeochemical cycles and ocean dynamics

Présentation Thématiques Equipe Projets

The marine biogeochemical cycles of the major and trace elements play fundamental roles in both the biological and chemical functioning of the ocean but also in terrestrial climatic regulation. Marine ecosystems (phytoplankton, zooplankton, bacteria, fish, predators) occupy a central place within these cycles and contribute by various processes (assimilation-degradation-trophic transfer-sedimentation) to transform, store and redistribute the chemical elements in the column. of ocean water. These transformations favor different levels of coupling between the element cycles and interact directly on the climate by modifying the gas exchanges involved in the radiative balance of the atmosphere (CO2, CH4, N2O, DMS). Despite significant progress made in recent decades, this essential role of marine ecosystems on biogeochemical cycles and ultimately on the climate remains poorly quantified and is still a scientific issue.

This issue is all the more important in the current context in which anthropogenic pressures on the ocean and marine organisms continue to increase and multiply. Climate change and modification of environmental forcings (T, pH, pCO2, currents, extension of sea ice), releases of polluting substances (toxic metals, pesticides, microplastics, etc.), intensive exploitation of biological resources or the degradation of natural habitats are all factors that can profoundly alter the structure, functioning and biodiversity of marine ecosystems. What will be the impacts of these modifications on biogeochemical cycles, ocean productivity, gas exchanges? What will be the climate feedbacks and organizations’ response to these changes? These are all questions that the scientific community must answer if it intends to reduce the uncertainties associated with climate simulations and anticipate the joint evolution of marine ecosystems.

It is around these questions that our research team (CHIBIDO) develops its activities. Our objects of study are the biogeochemical cycles of the major elements (C, N, P, S, Si) and metallic traces (Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, Zn, Co, Cd, Mo, Pb) and we try, by multidisciplinary approaches involving physicists, biologists, chemists and modelers to contribute to the improvement of knowledge on the interactions between oceanic dynamics, biogeochemical cycles, ecosystems and climate. Our research actions combine a wide spectrum of approaches associating the development of new methods of analysis (multi-elementary, isotopic and speciation), the implementation of tracers / geochemical proxies (Baxs, 234Th, δ30Si, δ11B), in situ observation at different scales (microcosms, mesocosms, basin, global), laboratory experimentation and the use of numerical modeling. These approaches are part of the international (IMBER, GEOTRACES, SOLAS) and national (LEFE-CYBER, EC2CO / DRIL, LABEX Sea) programmatic framework and are structured along three lines of research:

Axes de recherche de l’équipe Chibido.

Axis 1: Dynamics and flows at the interfaces

Animation: Olivier Ragueneau & Gabriel Dulaquais

A better understanding of oceanic biogeochemical cycles requires describing and understanding input and output, and their variability. To this end, we are working on the different interfaces with the ocean, since these interfaces are external sources and sinks of matter whose intensity and importance vary according to the element considered. These interfaces are generally the site of strong physico-chemical gradients and are extremely sensitive to different anthropogenic pressures.

Sediments, the ocean-atmosphere interface, and hydrothermal springs are the sources of metals for the ocean. Our findings showing that bacterial concentrations in rainwater samples are related to the increase in iron-specific ligand concentrations that can impact organic speciation of iron, our objective is to better understand the interactions between iron and bioaerosols and their fate in the ocean water column. In hydrothermal environments, our objective is to identify and describe the chemical reactions that determine the organic complexing of metals.

The land-sea continuum is an interface strongly impacted by anthropogenic pressures. The physico-chemical gradients in estuaries control river inputs of biogenic (Si, N) and metallic elements. Our team continues to improve our understanding of the dynamics of these elements along the land-sea continuum by studying the changes that occur through adsorption/desorption, coagulation, complexing or degradation processes and by characterizing the composition and physico-chemical role of organic matter that influences their bioavailability/toxicity.

In addition, our work in the Bay of Vilaine should lead us to participate in the development of a nutrient limitation scheme that could restore eutrophic ecosystems. By improving our knowledge of the Brest Rade we wish to use climate change scenarios to model the evolution of nutrient fluxes in the coastal zone. These scenarios can be combined with scenarios of changes in agricultural practices in the watersheds in collaboration with AMURE’s team of economists.

Axis 2: biogeochemical cycles and ocean dynamics

Animation: Pascal Rivière & Eva Bucciarelli

In this RA, we are seeking to better understand the spatial and temporal variability of phytoplankton production in relation to cycle dynamics and small-scale hydrodynamic structures. To do this, we have targeted several objectives

(1) to observe and describe the distributions and chemical speciation of dissolved and particulate trace metals during major international oceanographic cruises

(2) to study factors such as limitations or toxicity and pressures that will control the internal dynamics of biogenic elements (N, Si, metals) in relation to phytoplankton physiology and phytoplankton community structure in collaboration with Team 2

(3) to link small-scale dynamic structures and planktonic biodiversity.

To achieve these objectives, we combine different approaches involving in situ observation within the framework of international (GEOTRACES) and national programs (biologging and sea elephants CNES-TOSCA ) or from the LAbexMer and EUR ISblue (M2BIPAT), laboratory and natural environment process studies (isotopic techniques), as well as 3D ocean circulation models (NEMO, CROCO) coupled with biogeochemical models (PISCES, DARWIN, DARWIN-QUOTA) to understand planktonic diversity.

Axis 3: the biological carbon pump

Animation : Laurent Mémery

In close connection with ISBLUE Theme 1, the objectives of this axis are to study the factors controlling the nature, amplitude, and mitigation of carbon export fluxes from the surface to the deep ocean. Emphasis is placed on the processes of particle formation (biological and physical aggregation), vertical export (proxy 234Th), mesopelagic remineralization (proxy Baxs) and trophic interactions with microbial and zooplankton communities. Despite the progress made by recent models that increasingly take into account the processes controlling export, such as size classes and zooplankton behaviour, there is still a need to improve our understanding of particle dynamics and the factors affecting particle size and number, their sink rate and their fate in the mesopalagic zone. To this end, our approach includes in situ measurement campaigns using geochemical proxies, as well as process studies more specifically related to processes impacting particle dynamics in mesopelagic zones and various modelling tools.